Which of the following is not an individual user of the health record?

Insurance companies do not utilize health records in the same personal or direct manner as individual users such as clinical professionals or patient care managers. The primary role of insurance companies is to review health records for the purposes of claims processing, reimbursement, and ensuring that services rendered align with the coverage policy. They are not engaged directly in the care of patients or in the management of patient health information in a care context.

In contrast, clinical professionals who provide direct patient care interact with health records to document patient assessments, treatments, and outcomes. Billers utilize health records to generate bills and ensure proper coding for services rendered, and patient care managers oversee care processes and outcomes based on health records. Therefore, individual user involvement with health records is characterized by direct engagement with patient care, which insurance companies do not provide.